西班牙语自学资料 a well detailed gramar
这是我的西班牙老师发给我的一份学习资料，和大家一起分享
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LESSON I.3 z! u. k( @# j( B" b0 i% [5 ~
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THE ARTICLE.
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/ X+ @: B, }+ j* w: v1 TThe =Definite Article= in Spanish is
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=El= before a masculine[7] noun singular
$ M; |# y$ V/ V( U" U=La= " feminine[7] " "1 d3 O! T, n8 H o. ~
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4 K1 ~5 V4 j, W[Footnote 7: Spanish nouns are all masculine or feminine. There are no
5 {1 E: x1 n" a# B! H_neuter nouns_.]
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/ R+ F& ~ b6 `6 ~, has--( Z' b( l* D, ?2 f6 U( t7 c
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El hombre (the man)--La mujer (the woman)
. s4 [, ^( e8 l4 ZEl libro (the book)--La pluma (the pen)
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. s& q" J" m8 Q/ y5 x/ x3 n, A7 aEl recibo (the receipt)--La cuenta (the account)
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& r: \- l8 Z( _=Los= before a masculine noun plural6 K& H/ ?* s- z X* f
=Las= " feminine " "
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B( u3 p! l1 g( c% ?5 yas--7 s4 @4 L" d! ?+ b3 |
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Los muchachos (the boys)--Las señoras (the ladies)
- b! t6 m8 P( d0 ILos géneros (the goods)--Las facturas (the invoices)1 ?. M( i! L8 i) \# K! b3 M# z
Los lápices (the pencils)--Las cartas (the letters).
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" r; f" `. f M, z9 Q+ w% f: LThe =Indefinite Article= is--' Q: ]2 i' B8 }' [& X
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2 w5 f5 A5 [9 P. A6 M' d! s=Un= before a masculine noun singular
& R/ ]- E. e/ A l=Una= " feminine " "+ c7 G* Q* K! v9 t! e
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as--2 i3 F' ?' X7 A) k
8 }" z8 r9 M! Z6 C1 |+ ]4 _; uUn amigo (a friend)--Una amiga (a lady-friend)8 {! s- M' \7 r9 H1 Q8 s( p; ]
Un padre (a father)--Una madre (a mother)0 F! ]& B, q4 v- A6 n8 R a) p
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The Indefinite Article has no plural, but the Spanish plural forms
( Z7 `3 u' y6 z& T"unos" (masc.) and "unas" (fem.) translate the English words "some" or
. a' }5 m# S) O! p* N"any," as Unos hermanos (some brothers), Unas hermanas (some sisters),1 `" U1 Z+ [5 y i, O. g+ V! f
Unos tinteros (some inkstands), Unas mesas (some tables). (The Spanish
. |3 V3 h: b, e$ r/ r$ ~9 V* N3 {words "Algunos," "Algunas," are also used for the same purpose.)
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$ P N4 k+ C* k0 s0 gNOTE 1.--Before a feminine noun _singular_ commencing with _a_ or _ha_
$ q% Y9 f$ [" H: B% q) V8 Buse =El= and =Un= instead of _La_ and _Una_ if such nouns are _stressed
0 t. m! J* R* T" ?& [2 h! V. ^# fon the first syllable_, as El águila (the eagle), El agua (the water),
0 t$ y/ m! u- Z; DEl alma (the soul). (The plural is regular, as Las águilas (the
$ x$ D( d% n0 v0 Veagles).)+ l0 T7 z L' S. _0 G( p) C5 J7 J
+ T" n1 l" _1 l* \6 r" VNOTE 2.--The Definite Article has a "neuter form" which is =Lo=. _It5 n% A" `2 x4 B( d: W5 W
cannot be used before a noun_ but before other parts of speech used to4 {0 o0 {7 G+ {/ O u5 }
represent an abstract idea, as Yo amo lo bello (I love the beautiful,
% S; b9 a: G8 w" jviz., all that which is beautiful), Lo sublime (the sublime, viz., all
: Z7 Q! J* Q% }4 V0 e* ^ r, _8 Y# Ethat which is sublime).# G4 h9 m- C( o, g
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* U# Z. o. }2 c REGULAR VERBS.2 b2 j4 v( E3 c: j
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_1st Conjugation_. Hablar (to speak). _Pres. Part._ Hablando (speaking).
4 g( P* ~& t- V! b6 ` Q& d6 m% r_Past Part._ Hablado (spoken).
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_Present Tense, Indicative Mood_.& @4 ?5 j5 p% ~3 K
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3 v$ H8 c. R* ]Yo hablo (I speak) Nosotros (_m._) hablamos (we speak)) W) G8 r; _0 R1 D4 m7 G$ x
Nosotras (_f._) hablamos (we speak)
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. r5 z" V/ | ?7 c5 o: d. @; I/ ^Tú hablas[8] (thou speakest) Vosotros (_m._) habláis (you speak)& b% ?, A4 h1 u+ m
Vosotras (_f._) habláis (you speak)# i6 { R# E& k1 }$ S
& s$ Z" J) i. ^6 Y* @Él _or_ Ella habla (he or she speaks) Ellos (_m._) hablan (they speak)( H" A! F1 r p- _( N, p
Ellas (_f._) hablan (they speak)
: J! a- a" q6 w9 ~. ?2 ~Usted habla (you speak)[9]. Ustedes hablan (you speak).[9]" j- {% F! B r
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[Footnote 8: The second person is only used in the familiar style,
) [" x+ [9 i1 H- I: npractically when in English the 2nd person would be addressed as "John"9 {! H9 Q+ W. l# ]: ^% @6 [' z$ X- J
or "Frank" and not as "Mr. Smith" or "Mr. Brown."]( s$ l$ a+ Q, m A% B
* P* K) U/ }, M' f% X( K[Footnote 9: This is called the polite way of addressing and is the. W- K/ J( x; G" b. v2 d! E: E
form in use. Note that the verb after it is in the _3rd person_,% j& B5 C" v) }. e/ L/ b* @4 A
because "Usted," "Ustedes" (which can be abbreviated as V. Vs.) are3 K' @* P- i1 ], a5 `8 Y# }1 X, P- B2 f
contractions of Vuestra merced (your grace), Vuestras mercedes (your( w7 }0 V7 F2 V2 R
graces). V. ama = your grace _loves_.]! u* L; N6 F1 W* f
, j( n2 Z4 ^3 q_2nd Conjugation_. Temer (to fear).
7 `% D8 ]" r1 \" d7 h- `_Pres. Part._ Temiendo. _Past Part_. Temido.
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_Pres. Tense, Indic. Mood_.
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* B1 f( K ~, t( N9 M' v, PYo temo Nosotros (_m._) temenos
0 L* U! n8 |: a5 N Nosotras (_f._) temenos$ o0 V7 N9 b% W9 j
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Tú temes Vosotros (_m._) teméis' X$ G/ N& X( E& N2 k
Vosotras (_f._) teméis
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* S9 I1 } L. e! {7 O- h$ LÉl teme Ellos (_m._) temen( ?! l* r: R) j, Y' q4 O
Ella teme Ellas (_f._) temen7 K, Q5 L0 T' l3 K/ z# _6 m7 {
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V. teme Vs. temen
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2 q3 i! m |1 ` |_3rd Conjugation_. Partir (to depart, to set out).
7 j g( b* U2 \* I; S9 e_Pres. Part._ Partiendo. _Past Part_. Partido.
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_Pres. Tense, Indic. Mood_.9 h4 k$ U' Q3 A6 k- E
$ H* P$ T' w7 CYo parto Nosotros (_m._) partimos
3 @& L, L' V6 L& W1 ~& K8 e, z Nosotras (_f._) partimos
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Tú partes Vosotros (_m._) partís6 k, I# x0 z2 a8 E
Vosotras (_f._) partís
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; l Y8 b& J& QÉl parte Ellos (_m._) parten4 g2 f" b+ v; i
Ella parte Ellas (_f._) parten
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/ l* q' \( }* F d3 Y3 u; a6 DV. parte Vs. parten
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( z c2 g$ t/ S VOCABULARY.2 K4 u# h N& p$ K5 S1 P' I
7 F, `7 F1 R+ u" O# f- J=á=, to, at
2 e9 X& q6 E2 S=amar=[10], to love/ l. O! r$ w1 C; y r. l& U" h/ X
=el árbol=, the tree& X! \) W2 }6 W) |/ O
=las botas=, the boots3 k4 @/ ^0 U) s9 k# I2 S: f6 _
=el capitán=, the captain4 M4 C' ?* [% u# g
=la camisa=, the shirt
7 i$ G$ O/ @; W' b7 T3 \=la casaca=[11], the coat4 X# a5 t9 P" G
=comprar=, to buy
' ~, _' k V+ X2 N! }! }=la flor=, the flower
0 W" p6 }8 i$ l$ t( h& H=el hombre=, the man
: l0 I' `0 @7 ~# ^& R=el hermano=, the brother
1 w9 [* Y P" r5 |# Z, D. y=la hermana=, the sister: k& Q1 v! j6 _/ e$ i' t
=el joven=, the young man
* a- y C8 ^/ ]# R0 a4 X=la joven=, the young woman
) H3 R, E, `5 K# @; |1 r=el lápiz=, the pencil
) g2 q. P6 C% m+ a* C; k=el libro=, the book# V3 I0 q9 w w7 w& l7 t
=la madre=, the mother
3 D9 T. }( s3 d" O: E8 Q=mas=, but! q( ^% X n: g/ Y" U
=más=, more7 p0 H0 q, j+ t5 E1 I
=la mujer=, the woman, v- ?5 `$ W2 E" h
=nosotros tenemos=, we have- z, u. F: o1 V) Y: F# Y
=el oro=, gold
4 Z3 E: F: Q P! z/ U3 g=el padre=, the father
, \0 \" I8 h8 b0 C' n3 S2 E' K9 u- l=los pantalones=, the trousers
/ T5 @7 a0 v/ R7 o5 i5 t% W=el papel=, the paper
( c% c; R. [) q- W, Z u) m=para=, for
. E1 [7 D: \6 q7 x( {0 \' ~0 h- j=la plata=, silver9 t; |* S3 }5 O) E* ?# _
=la pluma=, the pen
0 b9 ~! ^! ?+ a2 u=el sombrero=, the hat
: }: ?0 @! N; h$ q, q=él tiene=, he has8 H! H# y i0 r+ f: W
=V. tiene=, you (_sing._) have
`% n0 m/ r& C' k4 m. ?$ y9 \0 }=Vs. tienen=, you (_pl._) have
% g+ R3 h1 K6 t6 Z& n' U- N6 Q=la tinta=, the ink
0 Q4 C1 K- {5 O, I& Y=el tintero=, the inkstand$ C3 H, Z6 s( D
=*tener=,[10] to have, to possess
4 A" S+ m; x/ [& H* c=yo tengo=, I have; e- K* [' _& E" `4 Q4 F+ a
=el viejo=, the old man5 a0 R3 r) P% H
=la vieja=, the old woman
1 e8 r2 P5 y6 }8 T6 L=la virtud=, virtue0 X+ A' s3 i5 U* g+ t5 W4 ]
6 M3 ]$ s7 ?! v0 N6 c/ u+ b[Footnote 10: The verbs given in this vocabulary and the following are$ d- r1 x/ Y+ B/ r
regular (i.e., they are conjugated respectively as the model verbs
+ \: x* u2 N$ i1 o0 `0 v; |given) _unless they are marked with an asterisk_.]! e" W4 b. F( u- t3 r
6 P' Q! I" A( e& k$ Z& g3 @[Footnote 11: _Or_ americana, _more used now_.]
